Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Waste… Mehr…
Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater Discharges 31.2.1.2 Combined Sewer Overfl ows 31.2.1.3 Stormwater Discharges 31.2.1.4 Industrial Discharges 31.2.1.5 Spills 41.2.2 Nonpoint Sources 41.2.2.1 Agricultural Runoff 41.2.2.2 Livestock 41.2.2.3 Urban Runoff 51.2.2.4 Landfi lls 51.2.2.5 Recreational Activities 51.3 Control of Water Pollution 52 WATER QUALITY 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Physical Measures 72.2.1 Flow Conditions 72.2.2 Substrate 82.2.3 In-Stream Habitat 92.2.4 Riparian Habitat 92.2.5 Thermal Pollution 102.3 Chemical Measures 102.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen 102.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 122.3.3 Suspended Solids 142.3.4 Nutrients 152.3.4.1 Nitrogen 152.3.4.2 Phosphorus 162.3.5 Metals 172.3.6 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 182.3.6.1 Pesticides 182.3.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 182.3.7 Radionuclides 182.3.8 pH 192.4 Biological Measures 192.4.1 Human Pathogenic Microorganisms 202.4.2 Indicator Organisms 232.4.3 Biological Integrity 24Problems 253 FUNDAMENTALS OF FATE AND TRANSPORT 273.1 Introduction 273.2 The Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 273.2.1 Nondimensional Form 293.2.2 Transformation to the Diffusion Equation 313.2.2.1 Conservative Tracers 313.2.2.2 Nonconservative Tracers with First-Order Decay 323.2.3 Moment Property of the Diffusion Equation 323.3 Fundamental Solutions of the Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 333.3.1 Diffusion in One Dimension 343.3.1.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 363.3.1.2 Impermeable Boundaries 393.3.1.3 Continuous Plane Source 423.3.2 Diffusion in Two Dimensions 463.3.2.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 473.3.2.2 Continuous Line Source 483.3.2.3 Continuous Plane Sources 493.3.3 Diffusion in Three Dimensions 523.3.3.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 533.3.3.2 Instantaneous Point Source in Shear Flow 533.3.3.3 Continuous Point Source with Constant Diffusion Coefficient 543.3.3.4 Continuous Point Source with Variable Diffusion Coefficient 583.3.3.5 Instantaneous Line Source 593.3.3.6 Instantaneous Volume Source 603.4 Transport of Suspended Particles 603.5 Turbulent Diffusion 623.5.1 Relationship of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient to Velocity Field 633.5.2 Eulerian Approximation 653.6 Dispersion 68Problems 724 RIVERS AND STREAMS 784.1 Introduction 784.2 Transport Processes 794.2.1 Initial Mixing 794.2.2 Longitudinal Dispersion 854.2.2.1 Field Measurement of KL 854.2.2.2 Empiri Applications of the Load Duration Curve 1224.7.2 Long-Term Contaminant Loads 1284.8 Management and Restoration 1314.8.1 Nonstructural Techniques 1314.8.2 Structural Techniques 132Problems 1345 GROUNDWATER 1425.1 Introduction 1425.2 Contaminant Sources 1425.2.1 Septic Tanks 1425.2.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 1435.2.3 Land Application of Wastewater 1445.2.4 Irrigation Return Flow 1455.2.5 Solid Waste Disposal Sites 1465.2.6 Waste Disposal Injection Wells 1465.2.7 Agricultural Operations 1475.3 Fate and Transport Models 1475.3.1 Instantaneous Point Source 1495.3.2 Continuous Point Source 1505.3.3 Continuous Plane Source 1525.4 Transport Processes 1545.5 Fate Processes 1605.5.1 Sorption 1605.5.2 First-Order Decay 1655.5.3 Combined Sorption and Decay 1675.5.4 Biocolloids 1695.5.4.1 Conventional Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.2 Modifi ed Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.3 Accounting for Dieoff 1695.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 1705.6.1 Residual Saturation 1715.6.2 Raoult& rsquo s Law 1725.6.2.1 Effects on Saturation Vapor Pressure 1735.6.2.2 Effects on Saturation Concentration 1735.6.2.3 Soil and Aquifer Samples 1745.7 Monitoring Wells 1755.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination 1795.8.1 Remediation Goals 1805.8.1.1 Vadose Zone 1805.8.1.2 Saturated Zone 1805.8.2 Remediation Strategies 1815.8.2.1 Free Product Recovery 1815.8.2.2 Excavation and Disposal 1835.8.2.3 Soil Vapor Extraction 1845.8.2.4 Bioventing 1885.8.2.5 Air Sparging 1885.8.2.6 Pump-and-Treat Systems 1885.8.2.7 Bioremediation 1945.8.2.8 In Situ Reaction Walls 1955.8.2.9 In Situ Containment 1955.8.2.10 Natural Attenuation 196Problems 1966 WATERSHEDS 2036.1 Introduction 2036.2 Urban Watersheds 2036.2.1 Sources of Pollution 2056.2.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2086.2.2.1 Event Mean Concentration Model 2086.2.2.2 Buildup& ndash Wash-Off Models 2136.2.3 Stormwater Control Measures 2156.2.3.1 Source Control Measures 2166.2.3.2 Hydrologic Modifi cations 2166.2.3.3 Attenuation of Pollutants 2196.2.3.4 Collection System Pollution Control 2216.2.3.5 Detention& ndash Retention Facilities 2226.3 Agricultural Watersheds 2246.3.1 Sources of Pollution 2246.3.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2266.3.2.1 Erosion 2266.3.2.2 Soil Pollution 2326.3.3 Best Management Practices 2366.3.3.1 Cropping Practices 2376.3.3.2 Integrated Pest Management 2376.3.3.3 Nutrient Management 2386.3.3.4 Terraces and Diversions 2386.3.3.5 Critical Area Treatment 2386.3.3.6 Sediment Basins and Detention& ndash Retention Ponds 2396.3.3.7 Animal Waste Storage and Treatment 2396.3.3.8 Livestock Measures of Mixing Potential 2597.4.4.1 Richardson Number 2597.4.4.2 Densimetric Froude Number 2607.4.5 Artificial Destratification 2607.5 Water-Quality Models 2617.5.1 Zero-Dimensional (Completely Mixed) Model 2617.5.1.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2627.5.1.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2657.5.2 One-Dimensional (Vertical) Models 2667.5.2.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2667.5.2.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2687.5.2.3 Estimation of the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient 2697.5.3 Two-Dimensional Models 2727.5.3.1 Nearshore Mixing Models 2727.6 Management and Restoration 2757.6.1 Control of Eutrophication 2757.6.1.1 Control of Point Sources 2757.6.1.2 Control of Nonpoint Sources 2757.6.1.3 Chemical Treatments for Phosphorus 2757.6.1.4 Limitation of Internal Loading 2767.6.1.5 Limitation of Algal Development 2767.6.2 Control of DO Levels 2777.6.2.1 Artificial Circulation 2777.6.2.2 Water Fountains 2787.6.2.3 Hypolimnetic Aeration 2787.6.2.4 Oxygen Injection 2787.6.2.5 Pump-and-Baffl e Aeration System 2787.6.2.6 Snow Removal to Increase Light Penetration 2787.6.3 Control of Acidity 2797.6.4 Control of Aquatic Plants 280Problems 2828 WETLANDS 2868.1 Introduction 2868.2 Natural Wetlands 2868.2.1 Classifi cation 2878.2.1.1 Marshes 2878.2.1.2 Swamps 2878.2.1.3 Bogs 2888.2.1.4 Fens 2898.2.2 Delineation of Wetlands 2898.2.2.1 Vegetation 2898.2.2.2 Soils 2908.2.2.3 Hydrology 2918.2.3 Water Budget 2918.2.3.1 Net Surface Water Inflow 2928.2.3.2 Net Groundwater Inflow 2928.2.3.3 Evapotranspiration 2928.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 2928.3.1 Classification 2938.3.1.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands 2948.3.1.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands 2948.3.1.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 2958.3.2 Design of FWS Wetla Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater Discharges 31.2.1.2 Combined Sewer Overfl ows 31.2.1.3 Stormwater Discharges 31.2.1.4 Industrial Discharges 31.2.1.5 Spills 41.2.2 Nonpoint Sources 41.2.2.1 Agricultural Runoff 41.2.2.2 Livestock 41.2.2.3 Urban Runoff 51.2.2.4 Landfi lls 51.2.2.5 Recreational Activities 51.3 Control of Water Pollution 52 WATER QUALITY 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Physical Measures 72.2.1 Flow Conditions 72.2.2 Substrate 82.2.3 In-Stream Habitat 92.2.4 Riparian Habitat 92.2.5 Thermal Pollution 102.3 Chemical Measures 102.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen 102.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 122.3.3 Suspended Solids 142.3.4 Nutrients 152.3.4.1 Nitrogen 152.3.4.2 Phosphorus 162.3.5 Metals 172.3.6 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 182.3.6.1 Pesticides 182.3.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 182.3.7 Radionuclides 182.3.8 pH 192.4 Biological Measures 192.4.1 Human Pathogenic Microorganisms 202.4.2 Indicator Organisms 232.4.3 Biological Integrity 24Problems 253 FUNDAMENTALS OF FATE AND TRANSPORT 273.1 Introduction 273.2 The Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 273.2.1 Nondimensional Form 293.2.2 Transformation to the Diffusion Equation 313.2.2.1 Conservative Tracers 313.2.2.2 Nonconservative Tracers with First-Order Decay 323.2.3 Moment Property of the Diffusion Equation 323.3 Fundamental Solutions of the Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 333.3.1 Diffusion in One Dimension 343.3.1.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 363.3.1.2 Impermeable Boundaries 393.3.1.3 Continuous Plane Source 423.3.2 Diffusion in Two Dimensions 463.3.2.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 473.3.2.2 Continuous Line Source 483.3.2.3 Continuous Plane Sources 493.3.3 Diffusion in Three Dimensions 523.3.3.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 533.3.3.2 Instantaneous Point Source in Shear Flow 533.3.3.3 Continuous Point Source with Constant Diffusion Coefficient 543.3.3.4 Continuous Point Source with Variable Diffusion Coefficient 583.3.3.5 Instantaneous Line Source 593.3.3.6 Instantaneous Volume Source 603.4 Transport of Suspended Particles 603.5 Turbulent Diffusion 623.5.1 Relationship of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient to Velocity Field 633.5.2 Eulerian Approximation 653.6 Dispersion 68Problems 724 RIVERS AND STREAMS 784.1 Introduction 784.2 Transport Processes 794.2.1 Initial Mixing 794.2.2 Longitudinal Dispersion 854.2.2.1 Field Measurement of KL 854.2.2.2 Empiri Applications of the Load Duration Curve 1224.7.2 Long-Term Contaminant Loads 1284.8 Management and Restoration 1314.8.1 Nonstructural Techniques 1314.8.2 Structural Techniques 132Problems 1345 GROUNDWATER 1425.1 Introduction 1425.2 Contaminant Sources 1425.2.1 Septic Tanks 1425.2.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 1435.2.3 Land Application of Wastewater 1445.2.4 Irrigation Return Flow 1455.2.5 Solid Waste Disposal Sites 1465.2.6 Waste Disposal Injection Wells 1465.2.7 Agricultural Operations 1475.3 Fate and Transport Models 1475.3.1 Instantaneous Point Source 1495.3.2 Continuous Point Source 1505.3.3 Continuous Plane Source 1525.4 Transport Processes 1545.5 Fate Processes 1605.5.1 Sorption 1605.5.2 First-Order Decay 1655.5.3 Combined Sorption and Decay 1675.5.4 Biocolloids 1695.5.4.1 Conventional Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.2 Modifi ed Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.3 Accounting for Dieoff 1695.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 1705.6.1 Residual Saturation 1715.6.2 Raoult& rsquo s Law 1725.6.2.1 Effects on Saturation Vapor Pressure 1735.6.2.2 Effects on Saturation Concentration 1735.6.2.3 Soil and Aquifer Samples 1745.7 Monitoring Wells 1755.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination 1795.8.1 Remediation Goals 1805.8.1.1 Vadose Zone 1805.8.1.2 Saturated Zone 1805.8.2 Remediation Strategies 1815.8.2.1 Free Product Recovery 1815.8.2.2 Excavation and Disposal 1835.8.2.3 Soil Vapor Extraction 1845.8.2.4 Bioventing 1885.8.2.5 Air Sparging 1885.8.2.6 Pump-and-Treat Systems 1885.8.2.7 Bioremediation 1945.8.2.8 In Situ Reaction Walls 1955.8.2.9 In Situ Containment 1955.8.2.10 Natural Attenuation 196Problems 1966 WATERSHEDS 2036.1 Introduction 2036.2 Urban Watersheds 2036.2.1 Sources of Pollution 2056.2.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2086.2.2.1 Event Mean Concentration Model 2086.2.2.2 Buildup& ndash Wash-Off Models 2136.2.3 Stormwater Control Measures 2156.2.3.1 Source Control Measures 2166.2.3.2 Hydrologic Modifi cations 2166.2.3.3 Attenuation of Pollutants 2196.2.3.4 Collection System Pollution Control 2216.2.3.5 Detention& ndash Retention Facilities 2226.3 Agricultural Watersheds 2246.3.1 Sources of Pollution 2246.3.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2266.3.2.1 Erosion 2266.3.2.2 Soil Pollution 2326.3.3 Best Management Practices 2366.3.3.1 Cropping Practices 2376.3.3.2 Integrated Pest Management 2376.3.3.3 Nutrient Management 2386.3.3.4 Terraces and Diversions 2386.3.3.5 Critical Area Treatment 2386.3.3.6 Sediment Basins and Detention& ndash Retention Ponds 2396.3.3.7 Animal Waste Storage and Treatment 2396.3.3.8 Livestock Measures of Mixing Potential 2597.4.4.1 Richardson Number 2597.4.4.2 Densimetric Froude Number 2607.4.5 Artificial Destratification 2607.5 Water-Quality Models 2617.5.1 Zero-Dimensional (Completely Mixed) Model 2617.5.1.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2627.5.1.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2657.5.2 One-Dimensional (Vertical) Models 2667.5.2.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2667.5.2.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2687.5.2.3 Estimation of the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient 2697.5.3 Two-Dimensional Models 2727.5.3.1 Nearshore Mixing Models 2727.6 Management and Restoration 2757.6.1 Control of Eutrophication 2757.6.1.1 Control of Point Sources 2757.6.1.2 Control of Nonpoint Sources 2757.6.1.3 Chemical Treatments for Phosphorus 2757.6.1.4 Limitation of Internal Loading 2767.6.1.5 Limitation of Algal Development 2767.6.2 Control of DO Levels 2777.6.2.1 Artificial Circulation 2777.6.2.2 Water Fountains 2787.6.2.3 Hypolimnetic Aeration 2787.6.2.4 Oxygen Injection 2787.6.2.5 Pump-and-Baffl e Aeration System 2787.6.2.6 Snow Removal to Increase Light Penetration 2787.6.3 Control of Acidity 2797.6.4 Control of Aquatic Plants 280Problems 2828 WETLANDS 2868.1 Introduction 2868.2 Natural Wetlands 2868.2.1 Classifi cation 2878.2.1.1 Marshes 2878.2.1.2 Swamps 2878.2.1.3 Bogs 2888.2.1.4 Fens 2898.2.2 Delineation of Wetlands 2898.2.2.1 Vegetation 2898.2.2.2 Soils 2908.2.2.3 Hydrology 2918.2.3 Water Budget 2918.2.3.1 Net Surface Water Inflow 2928.2.3.2 Net Groundwater Inflow 2928.2.3.3 Evapotranspiration 2928.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 2928.3.1 Classification 2938.3.1.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands 2948.3.1.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands 2948.3.1.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 2958.3.2 Design of FWS Wetla Chemische Verfahrenstechnik Wasserchemie Wasserwirtschaft, John Wiley & Sons<
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Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: … Mehr…
Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen Chemical Engineering Chemie Chemische Verfahrenstechnik Chemistry Civil Engineering & Construction Wasserchemie Wasserwirtschaft Water Chemistry Water Resources, John Wiley & Sons<
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Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Waste… Mehr…
Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater Discharges 31.2.1.2 Combined Sewer Overfl ows 31.2.1.3 Stormwater Discharges 31.2.1.4 Industrial Discharges 31.2.1.5 Spills 41.2.2 Nonpoint Sources 41.2.2.1 Agricultural Runoff 41.2.2.2 Livestock 41.2.2.3 Urban Runoff 51.2.2.4 Landfi lls 51.2.2.5 Recreational Activities 51.3 Control of Water Pollution 52 WATER QUALITY 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Physical Measures 72.2.1 Flow Conditions 72.2.2 Substrate 82.2.3 In-Stream Habitat 92.2.4 Riparian Habitat 92.2.5 Thermal Pollution 102.3 Chemical Measures 102.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen 102.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 122.3.3 Suspended Solids 142.3.4 Nutrients 152.3.4.1 Nitrogen 152.3.4.2 Phosphorus 162.3.5 Metals 172.3.6 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 182.3.6.1 Pesticides 182.3.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 182.3.7 Radionuclides 182.3.8 pH 192.4 Biological Measures 192.4.1 Human Pathogenic Microorganisms 202.4.2 Indicator Organisms 232.4.3 Biological Integrity 24Problems 253 FUNDAMENTALS OF FATE AND TRANSPORT 273.1 Introduction 273.2 The Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 273.2.1 Nondimensional Form 293.2.2 Transformation to the Diffusion Equation 313.2.2.1 Conservative Tracers 313.2.2.2 Nonconservative Tracers with First-Order Decay 323.2.3 Moment Property of the Diffusion Equation 323.3 Fundamental Solutions of the Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 333.3.1 Diffusion in One Dimension 343.3.1.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 363.3.1.2 Impermeable Boundaries 393.3.1.3 Continuous Plane Source 423.3.2 Diffusion in Two Dimensions 463.3.2.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 473.3.2.2 Continuous Line Source 483.3.2.3 Continuous Plane Sources 493.3.3 Diffusion in Three Dimensions 523.3.3.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 533.3.3.2 Instantaneous Point Source in Shear Flow 533.3.3.3 Continuous Point Source with Constant Diffusion Coefficient 543.3.3.4 Continuous Point Source with Variable Diffusion Coefficient 583.3.3.5 Instantaneous Line Source 593.3.3.6 Instantaneous Volume Source 603.4 Transport of Suspended Particles 603.5 Turbulent Diffusion 623.5.1 Relationship of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient to Velocity Field 633.5.2 Eulerian Approximation 653.6 Dispersion 68Problems 724 RIVERS AND STREAMS 784.1 Introduction 784.2 Transport Processes 794.2.1 Initial Mixing 794.2.2 Longitudinal Dispersion 854.2.2.1 Field Measurement of KL 854.2.2.2 Empiri Applications of the Load Duration Curve 1224.7.2 Long-Term Contaminant Loads 1284.8 Management and Restoration 1314.8.1 Nonstructural Techniques 1314.8.2 Structural Techniques 132Problems 1345 GROUNDWATER 1425.1 Introduction 1425.2 Contaminant Sources 1425.2.1 Septic Tanks 1425.2.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 1435.2.3 Land Application of Wastewater 1445.2.4 Irrigation Return Flow 1455.2.5 Solid Waste Disposal Sites 1465.2.6 Waste Disposal Injection Wells 1465.2.7 Agricultural Operations 1475.3 Fate and Transport Models 1475.3.1 Instantaneous Point Source 1495.3.2 Continuous Point Source 1505.3.3 Continuous Plane Source 1525.4 Transport Processes 1545.5 Fate Processes 1605.5.1 Sorption 1605.5.2 First-Order Decay 1655.5.3 Combined Sorption and Decay 1675.5.4 Biocolloids 1695.5.4.1 Conventional Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.2 Modifi ed Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.3 Accounting for Dieoff 1695.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 1705.6.1 Residual Saturation 1715.6.2 Raoult& rsquo s Law 1725.6.2.1 Effects on Saturation Vapor Pressure 1735.6.2.2 Effects on Saturation Concentration 1735.6.2.3 Soil and Aquifer Samples 1745.7 Monitoring Wells 1755.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination 1795.8.1 Remediation Goals 1805.8.1.1 Vadose Zone 1805.8.1.2 Saturated Zone 1805.8.2 Remediation Strategies 1815.8.2.1 Free Product Recovery 1815.8.2.2 Excavation and Disposal 1835.8.2.3 Soil Vapor Extraction 1845.8.2.4 Bioventing 1885.8.2.5 Air Sparging 1885.8.2.6 Pump-and-Treat Systems 1885.8.2.7 Bioremediation 1945.8.2.8 In Situ Reaction Walls 1955.8.2.9 In Situ Containment 1955.8.2.10 Natural Attenuation 196Problems 1966 WATERSHEDS 2036.1 Introduction 2036.2 Urban Watersheds 2036.2.1 Sources of Pollution 2056.2.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2086.2.2.1 Event Mean Concentration Model 2086.2.2.2 Buildup& ndash Wash-Off Models 2136.2.3 Stormwater Control Measures 2156.2.3.1 Source Control Measures 2166.2.3.2 Hydrologic Modifi cations 2166.2.3.3 Attenuation of Pollutants 2196.2.3.4 Collection System Pollution Control 2216.2.3.5 Detention& ndash Retention Facilities 2226.3 Agricultural Watersheds 2246.3.1 Sources of Pollution 2246.3.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2266.3.2.1 Erosion 2266.3.2.2 Soil Pollution 2326.3.3 Best Management Practices 2366.3.3.1 Cropping Practices 2376.3.3.2 Integrated Pest Management 2376.3.3.3 Nutrient Management 2386.3.3.4 Terraces and Diversions 2386.3.3.5 Critical Area Treatment 2386.3.3.6 Sediment Basins and Detention& ndash Retention Ponds 2396.3.3.7 Animal Waste Storage and Treatment 2396.3.3.8 Livestock Measures of Mixing Potential 2597.4.4.1 Richardson Number 2597.4.4.2 Densimetric Froude Number 2607.4.5 Artificial Destratification 2607.5 Water-Quality Models 2617.5.1 Zero-Dimensional (Completely Mixed) Model 2617.5.1.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2627.5.1.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2657.5.2 One-Dimensional (Vertical) Models 2667.5.2.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2667.5.2.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2687.5.2.3 Estimation of the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient 2697.5.3 Two-Dimensional Models 2727.5.3.1 Nearshore Mixing Models 2727.6 Management and Restoration 2757.6.1 Control of Eutrophication 2757.6.1.1 Control of Point Sources 2757.6.1.2 Control of Nonpoint Sources 2757.6.1.3 Chemical Treatments for Phosphorus 2757.6.1.4 Limitation of Internal Loading 2767.6.1.5 Limitation of Algal Development 2767.6.2 Control of DO Levels 2777.6.2.1 Artificial Circulation 2777.6.2.2 Water Fountains 2787.6.2.3 Hypolimnetic Aeration 2787.6.2.4 Oxygen Injection 2787.6.2.5 Pump-and-Baffl e Aeration System 2787.6.2.6 Snow Removal to Increase Light Penetration 2787.6.3 Control of Acidity 2797.6.4 Control of Aquatic Plants 280Problems 2828 WETLANDS 2868.1 Introduction 2868.2 Natural Wetlands 2868.2.1 Classifi cation 2878.2.1.1 Marshes 2878.2.1.2 Swamps 2878.2.1.3 Bogs 2888.2.1.4 Fens 2898.2.2 Delineation of Wetlands 2898.2.2.1 Vegetation 2898.2.2.2 Soils 2908.2.2.3 Hydrology 2918.2.3 Water Budget 2918.2.3.1 Net Surface Water Inflow 2928.2.3.2 Net Groundwater Inflow 2928.2.3.3 Evapotranspiration 2928.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 2928.3.1 Classification 2938.3.1.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands 2948.3.1.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands 2948.3.1.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 2958.3.2 Design of FWS Wetla Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: InhaltsangabePREFACE xvii1 INTRODUCTION 11.1 The Problem 11.2 Sources of Water Pollution 21.2.1 Point Sources 21.2.1.1 Domestic Wastewater Discharges 31.2.1.2 Combined Sewer Overfl ows 31.2.1.3 Stormwater Discharges 31.2.1.4 Industrial Discharges 31.2.1.5 Spills 41.2.2 Nonpoint Sources 41.2.2.1 Agricultural Runoff 41.2.2.2 Livestock 41.2.2.3 Urban Runoff 51.2.2.4 Landfi lls 51.2.2.5 Recreational Activities 51.3 Control of Water Pollution 52 WATER QUALITY 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Physical Measures 72.2.1 Flow Conditions 72.2.2 Substrate 82.2.3 In-Stream Habitat 92.2.4 Riparian Habitat 92.2.5 Thermal Pollution 102.3 Chemical Measures 102.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen 102.3.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 122.3.3 Suspended Solids 142.3.4 Nutrients 152.3.4.1 Nitrogen 152.3.4.2 Phosphorus 162.3.5 Metals 172.3.6 Synthetic Organic Chemicals 182.3.6.1 Pesticides 182.3.6.2 Volatile Organic Compounds 182.3.7 Radionuclides 182.3.8 pH 192.4 Biological Measures 192.4.1 Human Pathogenic Microorganisms 202.4.2 Indicator Organisms 232.4.3 Biological Integrity 24Problems 253 FUNDAMENTALS OF FATE AND TRANSPORT 273.1 Introduction 273.2 The Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 273.2.1 Nondimensional Form 293.2.2 Transformation to the Diffusion Equation 313.2.2.1 Conservative Tracers 313.2.2.2 Nonconservative Tracers with First-Order Decay 323.2.3 Moment Property of the Diffusion Equation 323.3 Fundamental Solutions of the Advection& ndash Diffusion Equation 333.3.1 Diffusion in One Dimension 343.3.1.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 363.3.1.2 Impermeable Boundaries 393.3.1.3 Continuous Plane Source 423.3.2 Diffusion in Two Dimensions 463.3.2.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 473.3.2.2 Continuous Line Source 483.3.2.3 Continuous Plane Sources 493.3.3 Diffusion in Three Dimensions 523.3.3.1 Spatially and Temporally Distributed Sources 533.3.3.2 Instantaneous Point Source in Shear Flow 533.3.3.3 Continuous Point Source with Constant Diffusion Coefficient 543.3.3.4 Continuous Point Source with Variable Diffusion Coefficient 583.3.3.5 Instantaneous Line Source 593.3.3.6 Instantaneous Volume Source 603.4 Transport of Suspended Particles 603.5 Turbulent Diffusion 623.5.1 Relationship of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient to Velocity Field 633.5.2 Eulerian Approximation 653.6 Dispersion 68Problems 724 RIVERS AND STREAMS 784.1 Introduction 784.2 Transport Processes 794.2.1 Initial Mixing 794.2.2 Longitudinal Dispersion 854.2.2.1 Field Measurement of KL 854.2.2.2 Empiri Applications of the Load Duration Curve 1224.7.2 Long-Term Contaminant Loads 1284.8 Management and Restoration 1314.8.1 Nonstructural Techniques 1314.8.2 Structural Techniques 132Problems 1345 GROUNDWATER 1425.1 Introduction 1425.2 Contaminant Sources 1425.2.1 Septic Tanks 1425.2.2 Leaking Underground Storage Tanks 1435.2.3 Land Application of Wastewater 1445.2.4 Irrigation Return Flow 1455.2.5 Solid Waste Disposal Sites 1465.2.6 Waste Disposal Injection Wells 1465.2.7 Agricultural Operations 1475.3 Fate and Transport Models 1475.3.1 Instantaneous Point Source 1495.3.2 Continuous Point Source 1505.3.3 Continuous Plane Source 1525.4 Transport Processes 1545.5 Fate Processes 1605.5.1 Sorption 1605.5.2 First-Order Decay 1655.5.3 Combined Sorption and Decay 1675.5.4 Biocolloids 1695.5.4.1 Conventional Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.2 Modifi ed Colloid Filtration Theory 1695.5.4.3 Accounting for Dieoff 1695.6 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids 1705.6.1 Residual Saturation 1715.6.2 Raoult& rsquo s Law 1725.6.2.1 Effects on Saturation Vapor Pressure 1735.6.2.2 Effects on Saturation Concentration 1735.6.2.3 Soil and Aquifer Samples 1745.7 Monitoring Wells 1755.8 Remediation of Subsurface Contamination 1795.8.1 Remediation Goals 1805.8.1.1 Vadose Zone 1805.8.1.2 Saturated Zone 1805.8.2 Remediation Strategies 1815.8.2.1 Free Product Recovery 1815.8.2.2 Excavation and Disposal 1835.8.2.3 Soil Vapor Extraction 1845.8.2.4 Bioventing 1885.8.2.5 Air Sparging 1885.8.2.6 Pump-and-Treat Systems 1885.8.2.7 Bioremediation 1945.8.2.8 In Situ Reaction Walls 1955.8.2.9 In Situ Containment 1955.8.2.10 Natural Attenuation 196Problems 1966 WATERSHEDS 2036.1 Introduction 2036.2 Urban Watersheds 2036.2.1 Sources of Pollution 2056.2.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2086.2.2.1 Event Mean Concentration Model 2086.2.2.2 Buildup& ndash Wash-Off Models 2136.2.3 Stormwater Control Measures 2156.2.3.1 Source Control Measures 2166.2.3.2 Hydrologic Modifi cations 2166.2.3.3 Attenuation of Pollutants 2196.2.3.4 Collection System Pollution Control 2216.2.3.5 Detention& ndash Retention Facilities 2226.3 Agricultural Watersheds 2246.3.1 Sources of Pollution 2246.3.2 Fate and Transport Processes 2266.3.2.1 Erosion 2266.3.2.2 Soil Pollution 2326.3.3 Best Management Practices 2366.3.3.1 Cropping Practices 2376.3.3.2 Integrated Pest Management 2376.3.3.3 Nutrient Management 2386.3.3.4 Terraces and Diversions 2386.3.3.5 Critical Area Treatment 2386.3.3.6 Sediment Basins and Detention& ndash Retention Ponds 2396.3.3.7 Animal Waste Storage and Treatment 2396.3.3.8 Livestock Measures of Mixing Potential 2597.4.4.1 Richardson Number 2597.4.4.2 Densimetric Froude Number 2607.4.5 Artificial Destratification 2607.5 Water-Quality Models 2617.5.1 Zero-Dimensional (Completely Mixed) Model 2617.5.1.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2627.5.1.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2657.5.2 One-Dimensional (Vertical) Models 2667.5.2.1 Conservation of Mass Model 2667.5.2.2 Conservation of Energy Model 2687.5.2.3 Estimation of the Vertical Diffusion Coefficient 2697.5.3 Two-Dimensional Models 2727.5.3.1 Nearshore Mixing Models 2727.6 Management and Restoration 2757.6.1 Control of Eutrophication 2757.6.1.1 Control of Point Sources 2757.6.1.2 Control of Nonpoint Sources 2757.6.1.3 Chemical Treatments for Phosphorus 2757.6.1.4 Limitation of Internal Loading 2767.6.1.5 Limitation of Algal Development 2767.6.2 Control of DO Levels 2777.6.2.1 Artificial Circulation 2777.6.2.2 Water Fountains 2787.6.2.3 Hypolimnetic Aeration 2787.6.2.4 Oxygen Injection 2787.6.2.5 Pump-and-Baffl e Aeration System 2787.6.2.6 Snow Removal to Increase Light Penetration 2787.6.3 Control of Acidity 2797.6.4 Control of Aquatic Plants 280Problems 2828 WETLANDS 2868.1 Introduction 2868.2 Natural Wetlands 2868.2.1 Classifi cation 2878.2.1.1 Marshes 2878.2.1.2 Swamps 2878.2.1.3 Bogs 2888.2.1.4 Fens 2898.2.2 Delineation of Wetlands 2898.2.2.1 Vegetation 2898.2.2.2 Soils 2908.2.2.3 Hydrology 2918.2.3 Water Budget 2918.2.3.1 Net Surface Water Inflow 2928.2.3.2 Net Groundwater Inflow 2928.2.3.3 Evapotranspiration 2928.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands 2928.3.1 Classification 2938.3.1.1 Free Water Surface Wetlands 2948.3.1.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetlands 2948.3.1.3 Vertical Flow Wetlands 2958.3.2 Design of FWS Wetla Chemische Verfahrenstechnik Wasserchemie Wasserwirtschaft, John Wiley & Sons<
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Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: … Mehr…
Fate and Transport Processes in the Water Environment Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Provides the tools needed to control and remediate thequality of natural water systems Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen Chemical Engineering Chemie Chemische Verfahrenstechnik Chemistry Civil Engineering & Construction Wasserchemie Wasserwirtschaft Water Chemistry Water Resources, John Wiley & Sons<
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Buch in der Datenbank seit 2012-06-28T14:51:53+02:00 (Zurich) Detailseite zuletzt geändert am 2023-09-05T12:53:26+02:00 (Zurich) ISBN/EAN: 9781118459416
ISBN - alternative Schreibweisen: 1-118-45941-5, 978-1-118-45941-6 Alternative Schreibweisen und verwandte Suchbegriffe: Autor des Buches: chin, robert shaw Titel des Buches: natura, quality engineering, the natural way, natural causes, natural systems
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